1In C difficile what condition is disrupted that allows the

1.In C. difficile what condition is disrupted that allows the organisms to predominate and cause disease?

2. Describe the disease causing agent in C. difficile infection in terms of effect of C. Diff presence on body. (Bailey Quishenberry link is helpful.)

3. Describe the treatment for C. difficile infection (see resource articles).

4. Describe the prevalence, morbidity and mortality of C. difficile.

5.What is the prevalence of Giardia lamblia parasite in a population (i.e. travelers to particular area)?

6.Compare the modes of transmission of giardia vs C. difficile?

7. How may Giardia lamblia infections be prevented?

8. How may C. difficile infections be prevented? (see resource links USA Today article and Cincinnati hospital link)

resources:

http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-08-16/deadly-bacteria-hospital-infections/57079514/1   Bailey Quishenberry’s C. Diff Journey

http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-08-16/cincinnati-hospital-clostridium-difficile/57079520/1   Hospital Successfully Battles C. Diff

http://www.usatoday.com/yourlife/health/medical/2010-12-14-Last-ditch-method-at-fighting-intestinal-superbug---_N.htm   (takes a while to load so maybe copy and paste link)
Last Ditch Method of Fighting Intestinal Superbug

Solution

ans. 1. C.difficle is the major cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea.Intestinal flora includes the low population C. difficle which may prevent the infection by interferring with pathogens. The antibiotics that disrupts the balance between normal flora can favour the infection . Antibiotics suppress the activity of normal flora and hence cause high amout of blood in feacal matter.

2. C. difficle infection normally present in environment in air, water and animal feaces. A small number of these bacteria are present in low amount in small intestine and do not have any ill effect. But due to the use of antibiotics that kill the normal flora is resposible for the infection. Spores from the bacteria passes into the feaces and spresd to other person.

3. The first step in treating C. difficle infection is stop taking antibiotics that triggers the infection. The standard treatment for C. difficle infection is another antibiotics which includes metronidazole which is a oral antibiotic but this is not FDA approved. Also among oral antibiotics fidaxomicin has been approved by FDA . Another is vancomycin which is also approved.

Another treatment included surgery .

4.t he incidence, mortality, and medical care costs of CDIs have reached historic highs (1,3,9,10). The estimated number of deaths attributed to CDI, based on multiple cause-of-death mortality data, increased from 3,000 deaths per year during 1999–2000 to 14,000 during 2006–2007, with more than 90% of deaths in persons aged 65 years

Recent excess health-care costs of hospital-onset CDI are estimated to be $5,042–$7,179 per case with a national annual estimate (limited to the subset of hospital-onset CDIs only) of $897 million to $1.3 billion (11). Much of the recent increase in the incidence and mortality of CDIs is attributed to the emergence and spread of a hypervirulent, resistant strain of C. difficile that produces greater quantities of principal virulence toxins A and B and has additional factors enhancing its virulence (9,12). Nonetheless, many of these infections can be prevented, as demonstrated by the 20% reduction in incidence of hospital-onset CDI among three state prevention programs conducted over approximately 21 months. In England, where a national campaign to publicly report and prevent CDIs was implemented in 2007 through an emphasis on antibiotic stewardship as well as infection control), pooled hospital-onset CDI rates declined 56% during a 3-year period (2008–2011) . In the United States, the National Action Plan for Prevention of HAIs has targeted a 30% reduction of CDIs in acute-care hospitals by 2015

all AC, Curns AT, McDonald LC, Parashar UD, Lopman BA. The roles of norovirus and Clostridium difficile among gastroenteritis deaths in the United States, 1999–2007. Presentation at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Disease Society of America; October 22, 2011; Boston, MA.

Duerden BI. Contribution of a government target to controlling Clostridium difficile in the NHS in England. Anaerobe 2011;17:175–9.

ealth Protection Agency (United Kingdom). Quarterly epidemiological commentary: mandatory MRSA & MSSA bacteraemia, and Clostridium difficile infection data (up to July – September 2011). London, England: Health Protection Agency; 2011.

5. Giaridia intestinalis is a most common intestinal parasite.It is transmitted through by feacal oral route and results fro ingestion of cyst through the consumption of feacally contaminated food or water through person to person.It is transmitted through consumption of infected human waste .

7. Giadiases can be prevented by taking antibiotics such as Albendazole, Tinidazole, paromomycin, quinacrine