Explain the mechanism that are included by which resolution

Explain the mechanism that are included by which resolution CAMP generation Explain How CAMP leads to the Release of Ca^2+ in the cell Draw Diagram to illustrate the above pathways

Solution

1) Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone which is released by the adrenal medulla and also by some neurons. This hormone is associated with the emergency response of the body which is known as the fight or flight response. The epinephrine hormone agonistically binds to adregenic receptors present throughout the body and brings about changes .

Some characteristic effects of the epinephrine are vasodilation, increased cardiac output, increased blood glucose and muscle contraction. When epinephrine binds on the adregenic receptors especially in muscle cells, due to G-protein coupling, adenylyl cyclase is produced

Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into cAMP. This cAMP is a pure signaling molecule and activates a cascade of pathways, such as activation of PKA and glycogen phosphorylase. This leads to breakdown of glycogen in the body to increase in blood sugar and also increases glycolysis due to which muscle contraction takes place.

2) Calcium is an important secondary messenger of signalling pathways and its release occurs inside the cell upon the action of specific stimuli. One such mechanism by which calcium release is triggered inside the cells is by the action of cAMP.

It has been hypothesized that upon ligand binding and activation of G-protein coupled receptor, it activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, as well as a protein PLC. Adenylyl cyclase produces cAMP, and PLC causes the production of IP3 molecules which trigger activation of calcium ion channels from the endoplasmic reticulum and release of calcium ions. This process might be amplified due to the presence of cAMP and also because of PKA.