Are these statements true or false The universe of discourse

Are these statements true or false? The universe of discourse is the set of all people and P(x,y) means \'\'x is a parent of y\'\'

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Solution

?x?yP(x,y) would mean \"there exists x ( for which ) there exists y such that x is a parent of y\". Now the negation at the beginning I would think is applicable to the first quantifier. So we may as well bracket it (