The survivors of the atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiros

The survivors of the atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been the subjects of long-term studies of the effects of ionizing radiation on cancer incidence. The frequencies of different types of cancer in these individuals varied across the decades. In the 1950s. high levels of leukemia and cancers of the lung and thyroid gland were observed. The 1960s and 1970s brought high levels of breast and salivary gland cancers. In the 1980s, rates of colon cancer were especially high. Why do you suppose the rates of different types of cancer varied across time? Propose a study of the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011 that may be used to test these ideas. During prophase of mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks down. This is undoubtedly a complex, energy-consuming process that has to be carried out again, in reverse, at the end of mitosis. Why do you suppose the nuclear membrane must break down at the beginning of mitosis? What mechanism can you envision for the dismantling of the nuclear membrane? Why is it advantageous that checkpoints evolved during the cell cycle? BPA is a chemical compound that has historically been used in the manufacture of plastic products. However, cells often mistake BPA compounds for hormones that accelerate the cell cycle. Because of this. BPA is associated with an increased risk of certain cancers. How might BPA interact with the cell cycle and its checkpoints? Why do you think that very- small concentrations of BPA might haw a large effect on the cell?

Solution

1. World War II 1939-1945, It abruptly stoppped because of atomic bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

a. It is observed that these cancers were prevalent:

In 1950s - Leukameia, lung, thyroid

In 1960s- Breast , saliva

In 1980s Colon cancers were high.

In 1950s the radiation effect was very very high. so, the survivors exposed to more accumulated radiations so they are affected with leukameia, lung and throid cancers. Later on in the next decade 1960s the radiation affect reduced and in 1980s it further reduced, but radiation effects are long lasting so cancers are seen in those people. This is the reason for different types of cancers variation across different times.

B.The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster is an energy accident at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant located at Fukushima. Fission reactions occured here, these are responsible for the radiation effects in that area.

Evacuation is best precaution to be adopted immediately with the raise in alarm of the nuclear diaster.

Though they are move to the safest places, they will be exposed to few levels of radiations, some are below detectable levels. The health risks were to be calculated by applying conservative assumptions, it includes the conservative linear no-threshold model of radiation exposure, it is a model that assumes even the smallest amount of radiation exposure, which will cause a negative health effect. This sttudy may be used to test these ideas.