1Exemplify a fashion of energy or heat recovery in industria

1.Exemplify a fashion of energy or heat recovery in industrial application.

2.what is the steady-state condition for diffusion

3.Which type of diffusion will be easier?

(a) C in FCC iron (b) Ni in FCC iron (c) Mn in FCC iron

Solution

1.Industrial waste heat refers to energy that is generated in industrial processes without being put to practical use. Sources of waste heat include hot combustion gases discharged to the atmosphere, heated products exiting industrial processes, and heat transfer from hot equipment surfaces. The exact quantity of industrial waste heat is poorly quantified, but various studies have estimated that as much as 20 to 50% of industrial energy consumption is ultimately discharged as waste heat. While some waste heat losses from industrial processes are inevitable, facilities can reduce these losses by improving equipment efficiency or installing waste heat recovery technologies. Waste heat recovery entails capturing and reusing the waste heat in industrial processes for heating or for generating mechanical or electrical work. Example uses for waste heat include generating electricity, preheating combustion air, preheating furnace loads, absorption cooling, and space heating.

2.Steady state diffusion takes place at a constant rate - that is, once the process starts the number of atoms (or moles) crossing a given interface (the flux) is constant with time. This means that throughout the system dc/dx = constant and dc/dt = 0.

3.Smaller atoms cause less distortion of the lattice during migration and diffuse more readily than big ones so c in fcc iron diffuses easily