Write a table or chart or any other new way about the follow

1. A 5\'3\' (forward) DNA-Dependent DNA polymerase activity, that requires a 3\' primer site and a template strand
2. A 3\'5\' (reverse) exonuclease activity that mediates proofreading
3. A 5\'3\' (forward) exonuclease activity mediating nick translation during DNA repair.
4. A 5\'3\' (forward) RNA-Dependent DNA polymerase activity

• 1x NEBuffer2
• Incubate at 37°C

1. Klenow fragments are protiens that are formed by cleavage of DNA polymerase I with protease subtillisin.
2. It persist its polymerase and 3’ 5’ exonuclease activity for proofreading
3. It loses 5\' 3\' exonuclease activity which was present in DNA polymerase I

• 1x NEBuffer2
• Incubate at 25°C

• synthesis of double stranded DNA from single stranded template
• For the digestion of 3\' protruding overhang of telomerase
• Also used in PCR for extensive amplification of DNA template

1. It is thermostable polymerase isolated from thermophillic bacteria.
2. It can give polymerase activity at higher temperatures and adds nucleotide 5\'3\' during PCR while other DNA polymerase cannot remain active at that temperature (95°C)

• Most commonly used polymerase in PCR reactions
• Primer extension
• DNA sequencing

1. Used to generate compementary DNA (c-DNA) from the RNA template
2. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity,
3. Ribonuclease H, and
4. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity.

dNTP,

Mg⁺²

Mn⁺²

• 1X Reverse Transcriptase Reaction Buffer
• Incubate at 42°C

• Used for the process reverse transcription
• Used by retroviruses
• Used to form cDNA library
• Used for the PCR

1. It is a kind of polymerase and catalyse the synthesis of short RNA segment called primers.
2. It does not require the DNA or RNA template as primer for the polymerase activity as it synthesise its own primer. This primer then can be removed by exonuclease activity.
3. It bind to the helicase and starts synthesising primer during DNA replication.

• It is used to synthesise primers.
• It can be used to start DNA replication without using any primers.

1. DNA dependant RNA polymerase used in the transcription process.
2. It initiates the transcription from the DNA primer.
3. It has helicase activity so, it doesn\'t need helicase to unwind the DNA.
4. RNAP bind to the sigma factor first to open up its active site and then binds to DNA primer for the transcription of unwound DNA.

• 1X RNA Polymerase Reaction Buffer
• Incubate at 37°C

• RNA synthesis from E. coli promoter
• Transcription initiation studies.

1. It promotes the joining of DNA strands by the formation of phosphodiester bond.
2. Also repairs the single stranded breaks by joining them.

3. ATP is required for the ligase reaction, which proceeds in three steps:

• Adenylation (addition of AMP) of a lysine residue in the active center of the enzyme, pyrophosphate is released;

• Transfer of the AMP to the 5\' phosphate of the so-called donor, formation of a pyrophosphate bond;
• Formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 5\' phosphate of the donor and the 3\' hydroxyl of the acceptor.

NAD⁺,

ATP

• 1X DNA Ligase Reaction Buffer
• Incubate at 16°C

• Used for cDNA cloning for joining the DNA strands
• Used with restriction enxyme to insert DNA fragment into plasmids.

1. Used in DNA replication for unwinding the double stranded DNA
2. The required energy for this comes from the hydrolysis of ATP.

• 1x standard reaction buffer

• To unwind the double stranded DNA
• TO unwind the DNA-RNA hybrid
• For some specific kind of PCR reaction

1. It controls and alters the topologic states of DNA during transcription.
2. It catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of a single stranded DNA which leads to the rotation of the broken strand, thus altering the topology of DNA.

• For the changing of topological states it is used
• No important use in biotechnology

1. It cuts both strands of the DNA helix simultaneously in order to check DNA tangles and supercoils.
2. They use the hydrolysis of ATP as a source of energy
3. This is commonly known as gyrase and used in DNA replication for releasing the supercoiling of the DNA strand.

1. These are enzymes used to cut the DNA or RNA strands from the restriction sites that are present in the perticular strand
2. Each DNA have perticular sequence to which these enzymes bind and cut that nucleotides. These sequence containing sites are called restriction sites.

S-Adenosyl methionine (AdoMet), hydrolyzed ATP, Mg^{2+ ,}

• Insertion of genes into plasmid vectors in the process of gene coding and protien purification.
• DNA fingerprinting
• To digest DNA for the souther blot analysis.
• Gene sequencing