Name the three types of base substitution mutations and list

Name the three types of base substitution mutations and list the consequence of each type? List the steps of the bacterial growth curve and briefly describe what is happening in each. List three structural differences between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Extra Credit List the components necessary to conduct a PCR reaction.

Solution

Types of base substitute mutations:

Substitution:

A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another (i.e., a change in a single \"chemical letter\" such as switching an A to a G). ex: sickle cell anemia is caused by this type of mutation.

Insertion:
Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA.

ex: CTGGAG changed to CTGGTTAAG. Here TTA is added in middle of the DNA.

Deletion:

Ex: CTGGAG changes to CTGG by deletion of GA in middle.

Effects of Mutations:

BACTERIAL GROWTH CURVE:

Lag phase: very slow growth of bacterum is seen. adaptive period as bacteria dapts itself and so the growth looks very slow and in curve it is like straight horizontal but number will be less compared to stationary phase.

log phase : rapid multiplication of bacteria is seen. also called logertemic pahse and exponential phase. as the bacteriagrows rapidly. line shows increasing slope in the curve

stationary phase: here no growth is seen i.e if the multiplication is 300 bacteria the death is also 300 so line looks like straight and horizontal in curve.

Death pahse: Bacteria dies due to lak of nutrients.environmental temperature also causes death of bacteria.

Structural differences between Gram +VE and gram -VE bacteria:

components required for PCR:

Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted.