State the hypothesis and null hypothesis from the summary Nu

State the hypothesis and null hypothesis from the summary:

Numerous studies have demonstrated that chemical defenses protect prey from predation [1–7] and have often assumed that these defenses function by repel- ling predators. Surprisingly, few have investigated the mechanisms whereby predators are affected by these defenses [8, 9]. Here, we examine mechanisms of chemical defense of sea hares (Aplysia californica), which, when attacked by spiny lobsters (Panulirus in- terruptus), release defensive secretions from ink and opaline glands [10, 11]. We show that ink-opaline fa- cilitates the escape of sea hares by acting through a combination of novel and conventional mechanisms. Ink-opaline contains millimolar quantities of amino acids that stimulate chemoreceptor neurons in the spiny lobster’s nervous system. Ink stimulates appe- titive and ingestive behavior, opaline can elicit appeti- tive behavior but can also inhibit ingestion and evoke escape responses, and both stimulate grooming. These results suggest that these secretions function by “phagomimicry,” in which ink-opaline stimulates the feeding pathway to deceive spiny lobsters into at- tending to a false food stimulus, and by sensory dis- ruption, in which the sticky and potent secretions cause high-amplitude, long-lasting chemo-mechano- sensory stimulation. In addition, opaline contains a chemical deterrent that opposes appetitive effects. Thus, chemical defenses may act in more complex manners than palatability assays of prey chemistry may suggest.

Solution

Hypothese are the statements about a phenomena/objects under investigation which are evalauted through experiments. The opposite or negative of the Hypothesis is called Null hypothesis which stands true when after experimental evaluation, Hypothsis is proven false.

The following are the hypotheses for the above scientific summary.

Hypothesis: Ink-opaline secretion in sea hare (Aplysia californica) provides neurochemical as well as conventional sensory defense against spiny lobster.

Null hypothesis: Ink-opaline secretion in sea hare (Aplysia californica) only provides conventional sensory defense against spiny lobster.