4 List at least 4 different biomaterials used in the biomedi

4, List at least 4 different biomaterials used in the biomedical industry. Discuss in detail about their meed, how they are prepared, significance of the material applications (40 points) Be descriptive. Try finding any biomaterial apart from the example listed in example here yustify your argument i be a aterial want as s what had as a list of biomaterial and hencelused Please have a validanswe ensure that is a biomaterial by choice for a device or condition. for biomate als slicone rubber sefon polyurethane, Hydroxy apatle Teflon, Dacron, PMMA, silicone rubber, hydrogel

Solution

Biomaterial in medical terminology is “any natural or synthetic material (which includes polymer or metal) that is intended for introduction into living tissue especially as part of a medical device or implant” (for example artificial heart valve or joint). Biomaterials from healthcare perspective can be defined as “materials those possess some novel properties that makes them appropriate to come in immediate contact with the living tissue without eliciting any adverse immune rejection reactions.” Definition of biomaterials when intended for implant device purpose in accordance to Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1976) is “an instrument, apparatus, machine, implant or other similar or related article, including any component, part or accessory which is intended for use in diagnosis of disease or in cure or prevention in man or other animals, and which does not achieve any of its principal intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its principal intended purposes. These devices or any type of biomaterial is used to physically replace any hard or soft tissue which has undergone any accidental damage or destruction through some pathological processes. In addition to use of biomaterials as implant devices they have also shown applicability in other healthcare related areas like disposable medical devices, diagnostic kits, polymeric therapeutics, etc.

From healthcare perspective, biomaterials can be divided in following categories: (1) Synthetic (metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites); (2) Naturally derived (animal and plant derived); (3) Semi-synthetic or hybrid materials. All these types of biomaterials are being used in healthcare from a long time period, but ensuing developments have enhanced their utility in healthcare. Metals are the class of materials those are widely used for load bearing applications.

Polymethylmethacrylate has emerged as an efficient material for the fabrication of contact lenses. Biocompatable polymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is widely being used in the engineering of vascular system and soft tissue reconstruction. Other types of polymers those are being used for medical applications are polypropylene, polycarbonates, polyurethanes, etc.

During hip replacement femoral components are usually manufactured from Co-Cr-Mo or Co-Ni-Mo alloys or titanium alloys. Polymers as implants or biomedical devices are used as facial prostheses, tracheal tubes, kidney and liver parts, heart components, etc. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has shown application in knee, hip and shoulder joints.

In 2001, the first cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices were commercially available. CRT has proved to be a life saver for the patients with chronic heart failure. Advances in implant technologies have provided treatment to some life threatening disease like neurological abnormalities. As the blood brain barrier does not allow medication to enter the central nervous system (CNS), fully implanted programmable pumps are used to deliver precise doses of drugs like morphine to reduce severe pain. These implantable pumps are also being used for the treatment of non-malignant and cancer pain.

Few types of composite materials like bisphenol A-glycidyl-quartz/silica filler and polymethyl methacrylate-glass filler are widely being used for dental restorations. Naturally derived polymers like collagen, gelatin, alginate, hyaluronic acid, etc are widely used in the areas of healthcare for the fabrication of three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds to support cell growth and proliferation.

Commonly used polymers for biomedical applications

Abbreviations: PVC, polyvinyl chloride; PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene, PET, polyethylene terephthalate; PS, polysulfones; PU, polyurethane; CF, carbon fibers; PHEMA, Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate); KF, kevlar fibers; PMA, polymethacrylate; PE, polyethylene, GF-glass fiber.

S. no.	Polymer	Application
1.	Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene	Knee, Hip, Shoulder Joints, Dental bridges
2.	Silicone rubber	Finger Joints
3.	Cells/PTFE, Cells/PET, PET/collagen	Vascular grafts
4.	Bioglass/PU, Bioglass/PS,CF/PS	Spine cages, plates, rods, screws, discs
5.	PET/PU, PET/collagen	Abdominal wall prosthesis
6.	PET/PHEMA, KF/PMA, KF/PE, GF/PU	Tendons/ligaments
7.	PET/PU, PTFE/PU, CF/PTFE	Cartilage replacement
8.	Polydimethyl siloxane, polyurethane, PVC	Facial Prostheses
9.	Polymethylmethacrylate	Bone Cement