What are some ways that cells use to prevent cell lysis unde

Solution

The question says cell lysis under hypertonic conditions.. But, in hypertonic environment cell does not undergo lysis but the cells shrink due to loss of water and eventually die of dehydration.

Tonicity is the ability of a solution to exert an osmotic pressure upon a membrane. There are 3 types:

Hypotonic - water enters a cell and cell swells

Hypertonic - in an hypertonic environment, water leaves a cell, causing it to shrink and die. Here, the extracellular fluid has a higher osmolarity ( total concentration of all solutes in a solution) than cell\'s cytoplasm.

Isotonic - the relative concentration of solute and solvent are equal on both sides of the membrane.

Usually for most of the cells isotonic conditions are ideal and the body has homeostatic systems to ensure these conditions stay constant.

Examples:

Osmoregulation in freshwater fish - freshwater fishes are hypertonic to their surrounding environment,I.e., the salt concentration is higher in their blood than their surrounding water. They absorb a controlled amount of water through their mouth and the gill membranes. Due to this intake of water, they also produce a lot of urine through which a lot of salt is lost. The salt is replaced with the help of special cells in their gills whichabsorbs salt into their blood from surrounding water.

Osmoregulation in humans

Kidneys maintain osmoregulation in humans. When water level in the body is low, brain produces more ADH, the kidney reabsorb high volume of water and produces low amount of hypertonic urine.