Write a paragraph 250words that describes the use of green a

Life is very good at reinventing itself over time, and one of its most important innovations has been multicellularity, the capacity to make multiple cells and ll types that carry out specialized functions. Without the evolution of multicellularity, our planet would be a very different place a world without plants or animals of any kind, and of course without humans. Yet even though multicellular species have evolved independently in most major eukaryotic organisms including not only those to which plants and animals belong, but also green algae, brown algae, red algae, ciliates, slime molds, and Figure 1 fungi we know surprisingly little about how this evolution came about (Figure 1). Do properties predispose a unicellular lineage to make the leap certain types of genes/gene families, or genetic mechanisms especially important for this sort of transition to occur? Does the evolution of multicellularity require big steps involving major increases e and/or expansions in gene families, or even many new kinds of genes? Or might the transition to a multicellular form possibly take place in smaller steps, involving only subtle changes? Scientists who study a family of green algae that includes unicellular Chlamydomonas and multicellular Volvox are beginning to find answers to some of these questions what is Multicellularity? Before we delve into these questions, note that not all multicellular lifestyles are the same. Many species of multicellular organisms differ greatly from each other with respect to the types of developmental mechanisms and traits they have evolved. For instance, by definition every multicellular organism possesses multiple c that remain associated following cell division. But while plant and animal species generate at least a dozen different types of cells, with groups of cells organized into tissues and/or organs, some multicellular organisms, such as slime and at least species, possess very few cell types and do not produce tissues organs that are e themselves composed of multiple c types. Furthermore, animal embryos undergo a by which groups cells migrate or change position with respect to each other, but plant embryos do It out there are many different ways to be multicellular

Solution

Use of green algae to understand the evolution of multicellularity in plants:

Multicellular organisms holds the capacity to make multiple cells and these cells will carry out the specialized functions and evolution of this multicellularity has created plants and animals on our planet. In multicellularity, we can see the multiple cells will be associated with each other following cell division, in plants and animals these cells will organize to form tissues or organs and each performing specific function. Due to importance of multicellularity in evolution, we need good model system to study multicellularity, but they are rare. The volvox, Chlamydomonas and volvocine green algae were considered an ideal model system. The family of volvocine green algae was taken as a model to study the evolution of multicellularity as these include both unicellular and multicellular organisms and these are closely related to each other. If you consider the streptophytes and their sister group, the chlorophytes (green algae), it has been noted that these groups have repeatedly generated multicellular taxa and they also represents macroscopic unicellular forms and these forms share many traits which are considered as hallmarks of multicellularity and it is due to their diversity, the green lineage is considered as a potential treasure trove of information to understand the process of evolution of multicellular development.

When compared to plants, we depend on green algae to study multicellularity as plant cells cannot move and reorganize as seen in metazoans. So, green algae is one of the best option to study the evolution of multicellularity. For example the unicellular species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is closely related to the multicellular relative volvox carteri.

If you see the Chlamydomonas unicells, they will have two apical flagella and they use them for movement and sensory transduction, but during cell division these single celled Chlamydomonas will resorb them and they will replicated their DNA and divide to produce four, eight or sixteen unicellular daughter cells in asexual way. So there is shift from unicellular mode to multicellular mode and when it comes to volvox, in this also the swimming and reproduction function has been segregated into distinct cell types.

As a whole we can summarize how green algae are useful to study the evolution of multicellularity. By studying the life cycle, cell biology, and ecology of simpler ancestor like unicellular green algae which gave rise to multicellular descendant lineages, we can easily get to know the transition process.

Second thing, by knowing the overall changes in numbers or types of protein families and domain structures between the unicellular multicellular green algae by taking the green algae C. reinhardtii and V. carteri genomes, we can know the process of evolution,

Third thing is, we can get rich source of raw material for evolutionary process understanding by studying the lineage-specific protein families (Chlamydomonas cell wall/Volvox ECM proteins).