Parts 15 provide a brief depiction of five real or fictional

Parts 1-5 provide a brief depiction of five (real or fictional) investigations. From the list of nine terms that describe study designs listed below, choose the study design that best describes the study and provide a brief justification of your choice.

Case-control study with hospitalized controls

Case-control study with neighborhood controls

Crossover clinical trial

Nested case-control study

Non-randomized clinical trial with historical controls

Prevalence/Cross-sectional study

Prospective cohort study

Randomized clinical trial

Retrospective cohort study

Part 1: In response to concerns about VIOXX©, an investigator recruits individuals who are free of cardiovascular disease and initiating use of CELEBREX© (another COX-2 inhibitor). Questionnaires are administered to those enrolled to assess whether they are prescribed low or high doses of CELEBREX© by their doctor. Individuals are followed over the next 3 years to determine whether they have incident occurrence of cardiovascular disease.

Part 2: To characterize the natural history of HIV infection, 5000 individuals who are HIV-infected are enrolled in a prospective study that periodically collects a variety of measures of health data as well as specimens that are stored in a freezer repository. Several years after the start of the study, an investigator is interested in the link between a particular type of cancer (Kaposi’s sarcoma) and a newly described virus (HHV-8, human herpes virus type 8). Seventy-five individuals who have been observed to develop Kaposi’s sarcoma during the course of the study are identified, as are seventy-five individuals who have remained free of Kaposi’s sarcoma during follow-up. The specimens stored at baseline for these 150 individuals are tested for antibodies to the HHV-8 virus.

Part 3: To investigate the association of aspirin use on colon cancer, individuals who have no history of colon cancer are enrolled in a study. Two thirds of the individuals are randomly selected and prescribed daily use of aspirin. Individuals are periodically assessed for colon cancer up to five years after enrollment.

Part 4: To investigate the link of cell phone use and ear cancer, an investigator goes to the Johns Hopkins inpatient oncology department and interviews 129 patients with ear cancer about their cell phone use in the past 2 years. She also interviews 380 individuals who are in care for lung cancer (although free of ear cancer) about their cell phone use in the past 2 years.

Part 5: To investigate the association of air pollution and death, a researcher initiates a new study in 2012 by identifying individuals who were working at a steel mill between 1940 and 1960. Each individual is classified as having either high or low cumulative exposure to particulate matter by linking job categories (e.g. management, manufacturing, etc.) to average particulate exposure levels observed in other studies. Employment, insurance, and social security records were used to determine the occurrence of death after 1960 up to 2012.

Solution

Prospective cohort study is the best and appropriate study method. But it consumes time and the outcome is reliable. A study design where one or more cohorts are followed prospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants exposure risk factors are associated with it. As the study is conducted, outcome from participants in each cohort is measured and relationships with specific characteristics determined. A study should be reliable and should not think about the time it takes. A study should provide useful information for the prospective generation. A research itself is time consuming. So this prospective study should be the best study in researching a particular field. Here HIV infection and finding antibodies for HHV-8 is best study. In random clinical trial while investigating the patients may not show up and faulty results can be developed. You cannot generalise a research on a particular thing only by observational data received through the information from the history, It should be tested and should be evaluated before you finalise a result . So this prospective Cohort study will be a best research and beneficial to the society, as it involves a proper knoweldge of the cohort , their background and clinical trials based on the research for particular period of time.