Effective engineering design is heavily dependent upon scien

Effective engineering design is heavily dependent upon scientific knowledge. The more you understand science and its application to technology, the more likely you\'ll be able to be successful as an engineer. Explain how the IBM engineers who developed atomic force microscopy in 1985, solved one of the critical engineering problems that is ensuring the maximum deflection in the cantilever as w ell as the low sensitivity to external low frequency vibrational noise at the same time. An analyst identified a risk of having the \'\'pressure control valve\" failed in a system described by the P&ID; shown below. Complete the rest of the HAZOP analysis. An analyst identified a risk of having the \"level control valve\" failed in a system described by the P&ID; shown below. Complete the rest of the HAZOP analysis. Perform a fault tree analysis for the case of the pressure vessel rupture.

Solution

8.

AFM was invented by IBM Scientists in 1982.The precursor to the AFM, the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), was developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer in the early 1980s at IBM Research - Zurich, a development that earned them the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986. Binnig invented the atomic-force microscope and the first experimental implementation was made by Binnig, Quate and Gerber in 1986.

The first commercially available atomic-force microscope was introduced in 1989. The AFM is one of the foremost tools for imaging, measuring, and manipulating matter at the nano scale.

The AFM consists of a cantilever with a sharp tip (probe) at its end that is used to scan the specimen surface. The cantilever is typically silicon or silicon nitride with a tip radius of curvature on the order of nanometers. When the tip is brought into proximity of a sample surface, forces between the tip and the sample lead to a deflection of the cantilever according to Hooke\'s law. Depending on the situation, forces that are measured in AFM include mechanical contact force, van der Waals forces, capillary forces, chemical bonding, electrostatic forces, magnetic forces Casimir forces, solvation forces, etc. Along with force, additional quantities may simultaneously be measured through the use of specialized types of probes.